Isobaric Process
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In an isobaric expansion of an ideal gas:
 Explanation: Expansion requires heat absorption to maintain pressure and increase enthalpy. Work is done by the system; temperature typically rises.
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Isobaric processes are significant in:
 Explanation: Boilers operate at constant pressure, heating fluids in isobaric conditions. Calorimeters are isochoric; nozzles and turbines often involve adiabatic processes.
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In an isobaric process, internal energy change is:
Explanation: Internal energy change (ΔU = m·cv·ΔT) depends on temperature via cv. It’s not zero, work, or inherently negative in isobaric processes.
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For an ideal gas in an isobaric process, V/T is:
Explanation: From the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) at constant pressure, V/T = nR/P = constant. Other behaviors apply to different processes.
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An isobaric process is typically modeled in:
Explanation: Piston-cylinders allow volume changes at constant pressure, ideal for isobaric processes. Rigid containers fix volume; insulated systems may be adiabatic.
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In an isobaric process for an ideal gas:
Explanation: Heat addition changes temperature and volume at constant pressure (PV = nRT). Volume isn’t fixed, pressure is constant, and internal energy varies.
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Specific heat at constant pressure (cp) is used in:
Explanation: cp governs heat addition in constant-pressure processes (Q = m·cp·ΔT). cv is for isochoric; other processes have different heat relations.
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For an ideal gas in an isobaric process, heat added equals:
 Explanation: Heat at constant pressure increases enthalpy (Q = ΔH = m·cp·ΔT). Internal energy and work are partial components of this heat.
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In an isobaric process, work done is given by:
Explanation: Work in isobaric processes is W = PΔV due to volume change at constant pressure. Zero work applies to isochoric; other terms relate to energy changes.
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An isobaric process occurs at:
 Explanation: Isobaric processes maintain constant pressure, with heat and work affecting volume and temperature. Volume, temperature, or entropy may change, unlike isochoric or isothermal processes.
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