Internal Energy and Enthalpy
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In an ideal gas isothermal process, internal energy:
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Specific heat at constant pressure (cp) governs:
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Enthalpy is critical in turbines because it:
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In a constant volume process, ΔU equals:
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For an ideal gas, specific enthalpy relates to internal energy by
 Explanation: Since P⋅v=R⋅T, enthalpy is h=u+R⋅T
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Enthalpy is most relevant in:
 Explanation: Enthalpy is key for flow processes like turbines.
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Enthalpy is defined as:
 Explanation: Enthalpy includes internal energy and flow work.
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The First Law relates internal energy to:
 Explanation: Change in internal energy equals heat added minus work done by the system.
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For an ideal gas, internal energy depends on:
 Explanation: Ideal gas internal energy is a function of temperature only ( u=cv​⋅T).
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What does internal energy of a system represent?
Explanation: Internal energy ( U) is the sum of molecular kinetic and potential energies.
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